Value Chain Definition on the Mining in Brazil.¶

The mining industry in Brazil is a cornerstone of the national economy, contributing significantly to its development and integration into global markets. It encompasses a series of sequential and interconnected activities that transform mineral resources found in the earth into usable products for a wide range of industries. This value chain begins with the identification and assessment of mineral deposits and extends through extraction, processing, logistics, and ultimately, the commercialization of the final mineral products. The complexity of this chain lies in the diverse geological characteristics of Brazil, the variety of minerals extracted (including iron ore, copper, nickel, gold, bauxite, nióbio, lithium, rare earths, manganese, uranium, and ornamental rocks), and the technological and logistical demands of moving bulk commodities across vast distances. The sector is vital for providing essential raw materials to industries such as steelmaking, construction, fertilizers, petrochemicals, and manufacturing, underpinning much of modern life and infrastructure.

Value Chain outline¶

The value chain in the Brazilian mining industry can be segmented into several key steps, each with distinct activities, players, and characteristics:

Prospecção e Pesquisa Mineral: This initial and critical phase involves the systematic search for mineral deposits and the detailed evaluation of their potential for economic extraction. It is characterized by high investment and inherent geological uncertainty.
- Identification and description of segments for each step of the value chain.
  - Segments:
    - Geological Exploration: Focuses on regional and detailed geological mapping, identifying areas with favorable geological formations for mineralization.
    - Geophysical and Geochemical Surveys: Employs specialized techniques to detect subsurface anomalies that may indicate the presence of mineral deposits.
    - Drilling and Sampling: Involves intrusive methods to collect rock and soil samples from potential deposits for laboratory analysis to determine mineral content and grade.
    - Resource and Reserve Estimation: Based on the collected data, geologists and engineers estimate the quantity and quality of the mineral resource, categorizing it into resources and reserves based on economic viability.
    - Pre-Feasibility and Feasibility Studies: Detailed technical and economic evaluations are conducted to determine if a project is commercially viable, considering mining methods, processing routes, infrastructure, environmental impacts, and market conditions.
  - Description of main activities of each segment:
    - Geological Exploration: Literature review, remote sensing analysis, field mapping, rock and soil sampling, and preliminary geological modeling.
    - Geophysical and Geochemical Surveys: Airborne and ground geophysical surveys (magnetic, radiometric, electromagnetic, gravity), stream sediment and soil geochemical sampling, and analysis.
    - Drilling and Sampling: Diamond drilling, reverse circulation drilling, core logging, sample preparation, and laboratory analysis (assaying).
    - Resource and Reserve Estimation: Geological modeling, statistical analysis of assay data, application of modifying factors (mining, metallurgy, economics, legal, environmental, social, and governmental) to convert resources to reserves.
    - Pre-Feasibility and Feasibility Studies: Engineering design, metallurgical testing, environmental baseline studies, social impact assessments, financial modeling, risk assessment, and economic analysis (NPV, IRR).
  - List of types of players in each segment:
    - Large mining companies with in-house exploration teams.
    - Junior exploration companies specializing in early-stage exploration.
    - Specialized geological, geophysical, and geochemical consulting firms.
    - Drilling contractors.
    - Analytical laboratories.
    - Environmental and social consulting firms.
    - Financial institutions and investors.
    - Government agencies (ANM) for granting exploration permits and regulating activities.
  - List examples of key players with detailed profiles. (Detailed profiles are provided in the "Examples of Main Players" section).
    - Vale S.A.
    - Anglo American
    - CSN Mineração
    - Various junior exploration companies (specific examples less prominent in provided sources).
    - Consulting firms like GeoAnsata Projetos e Serviços em Geologia.
Lavra (Extraction): This phase involves the physical removal of the ore body from the ground, employing methods best suited to the deposit's characteristics and location.
- Identification and description of segments for each step of the value chain.
  - Segments:
    - Open Pit Mining: Used for deposits close to the surface, involving the creation of large open pits. Common for minerals like iron ore, bauxite, and some types of gold.
    - Underground Mining: Employed for deeper deposits, requiring the construction of shafts and tunnels. Used for minerals such as gold, nickel, and some iron ore deposits.
    - Alluvial Mining (Garimpo): Often informal, small-scale extraction from riverbeds and alluvial plains, typically targeting gold and diamonds.
    - Quarrying: Specific type of open pit mining for extracting dimension stones and aggregates like ornamental rocks, sand, and gravel.
    - Solution Mining: Extracting soluble minerals by dissolving them in situ and pumping the solution to the surface.
  - Description of main activities of each segment:
    - Open Pit Mining: Stripping of overburden, drilling and blasting of ore and waste rock, loading of material using excavators and shovels, hauling using large trucks, and maintaining haul roads.
    - Underground Mining: Shaft sinking or decline development, drifting and tunneling, ore extraction from stopes, backfilling mined-out areas, ventilation, and hoisting or trucking ore to the surface.
    - Alluvial Mining (Garimpo): Excavation of alluvial material (often with rudimentary equipment), washing and screening to separate heavy minerals, and manual or mechanical recovery of valuable minerals.
    - Quarrying: Drilling and blasting or cutting of rock blocks, splitting and shaping, and loading and transport of blocks or crushed material.
    - Solution Mining: Injection of leaching solutions into the ore body, recovery of pregnant solution, and extraction of the dissolved mineral.
    - General Activities: Mine planning and scheduling, grade control, dewatering, and implementing safety and environmental protocols.
  - List of types of players in each segment:
    - Large multinational mining corporations.
    - National mining companies.
    - Small and medium-sized mining enterprises (PMEs).
    - Garimpeiros and cooperatives.
    - Heavy equipment manufacturers and dealers.
    - Drilling and blasting service providers.
    - Mine development and construction companies.
  - List examples of key players with detailed profiles. (Detailed profiles are provided in the "Examples of Main Players" section).
    - Vale S.A.
    - Minerações Brasileiras Reunidas (MBR)
    - Anglo American
    - CSN Mineração
    - Salobo Metais (Vale Base Metals)
    - Kinross Brasil Mineração
    - Mineração Paragominas S.A.
    - CBMM (for Niobium)
    - INB (Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil) (for Uranium)
    - Companies in the ornamental rocks segment (e.g., Mineração Corcovado, Guidoni Ornamental Rocks).
Beneficiamento e Transformação Mineral: This stage focuses on processing the raw ore extracted from the mine to concentrate the valuable minerals and remove impurities, preparing them for market or further industrial use.
- Identification and description of segments for each step of the value chain.
  - Segments:
    - Crushing and Grinding: Reducing the size of the ore particles to liberate the valuable minerals.
    - Concentration: Separating the desired minerals from the waste rock (ganga) using various physical (gravity, magnetic, electrostatic separation) and physico-chemical (flotation) methods. The specific method depends on the mineral properties.
    - Dewatering: Removing excess water from the concentrated mineral product through thickening, filtration, and drying to meet transport and processing requirements.
    - Metallurgy and Refining: Extracting the pure metal from the concentrated ore through pyrometallurgical (smelting, refining) or hydrometallurgical (leaching, solvent extraction, electrowinning) processes.
    - Pelletizing and Agglomeration: Converting fine mineral concentrates (especially iron ore) into larger, more easily handled forms like pellets or briquettes for transportation and use in furnaces.
    - Sizing and Cutting (for ornamental rocks): Cutting large blocks of ornamental stone into slabs and tiles of specified dimensions.
    - Polishing and Finishing (for ornamental rocks): Applying surface treatments to ornamental stones to enhance their appearance and durability.
  - Description of main activities of each segment:
    - Crushing and Grinding: Using crushers (jaw, cone, gyratory) and mills (ball, rod, SAG) to reduce particle size.
    - Concentration: Operating flotation cells, magnetic separators, gravity concentrators, and other separation equipment.
    - Dewatering: Utilizing thickeners, filter presses, vacuum filters, and dryers.
    - Metallurgy and Refining: Operating furnaces, reactors, electrolysis cells, and other specialized chemical and thermal processing equipment.
    - Pelletizing and Agglomeration: Mixing concentrate with binders, forming pellets in balling drums or discs, and firing pellets in kilns.
    - Sizing and Cutting: Operating gang saws, multi-wire saws, and bridge saws.
    - Polishing and Finishing: Using polishing machines and applying sealants and other surface treatments.
  - List of types of players in each segment:
    - Large mining companies (often with integrated processing facilities).
    - Specialized mineral processing companies.
    - Technology and equipment suppliers for mineral processing plants.
    - Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) firms.
    - Chemical suppliers.
    - Companies specializing in industrial automation and control systems.
    - Ornamental stone processing companies (Serrarias and Marmorarias).
  - List examples of key players with detailed profiles. (Detailed profiles are provided in the "Examples of Main Players" section).
    - Vale S.A. (integrated operations, pelletizing)
    - Salobo Metais (copper concentration)
    - CBMM (niobium processing)
    - Alunorte (alumina refining - part of the bauxite value chain)
    - Companies in the ornamental rocks sector.
Logística e Transporte: This crucial step involves moving the extracted ore and processed minerals from the mine and processing sites to domestic customers or export ports. Efficient logistics are vital for the competitiveness of the Brazilian mining industry due to the long distances involved.
- Identification and description of segments for each step of the value chain.
  - Segments:
    - Mine-to-Plant Transport: Moving raw ore from the mine face to the processing plant (often by truck or conveyor belt).
    - Plant-to-Port/Customer Transport: Transporting processed minerals from the plant to ports for export or directly to domestic industrial customers. This involves various modes.
    - Rail Transport: Utilizing dedicated or public railways for bulk transport over long distances. Particularly important for iron ore.
    - Road Transport: Using trucks for shorter distances, flexibility, and access to locations not served by rail or pipeline.
    - Pipeline Transport: Transporting mineral slurries (mixture of mineral and water) through pipelines over long distances, as seen with iron ore in the Minas-Rio project.
    - Port Operations: Handling, storing, and loading minerals onto ships at ports for export.
    - Shipping: Maritime transport of minerals to international markets.
    - Cabotage: Coastal shipping for domestic distribution.
  - Description of main activities of each segment:
    - Mine-to-Plant Transport: Operating heavy-duty trucks, conveyor systems, and crushing stations at the mine.
    - Plant-to-Port/Customer Transport: Managing logistics networks, coordinating different transport modes, and optimizing routes.
    - Rail Transport: Operating trains, maintaining railway lines, and managing loading and unloading terminals.
    - Road Transport: Operating truck fleets and managing road logistics.
    - Pipeline Transport: Pumping slurries, maintaining pipeline integrity, and operating pumping stations and dewatering facilities at the destination.
    - Port Operations: Managing port terminals, stockpiling minerals, operating shiploaders and unloaders, and coordinating vessel movements.
    - Shipping: Chartering vessels, managing shipping routes, and coordinating international logistics.
    - Cabotage: Operating coastal vessels and managing domestic port calls.
  - List of types of players in each segment:
    - Mining companies (some own and operate their logistics infrastructure).
    - Railway concessionaires.
    - Port operators and terminal operators.
    - Trucking companies.
    - Pipeline operators.
    - Shipping companies.
    - Integrated logistics service providers.
  - List examples of key players with detailed profiles. (Detailed profiles are provided in the "Examples of Main Players" section).
    - Vale S.A. (extensive railway and port system)
    - Anglo American (Minas-Rio pipeline and Açu Port)
    - CSN Mineração (port terminals)
    - Logistic operators and railway companies serving mining regions.
Comercialização e Distribuição: This final stage involves the sale and distribution of the processed mineral products to various markets, both within Brazil and internationally. It requires understanding market demands, price fluctuations, and global trade dynamics.
- Identification and description of segments for each step of the value chain.
  - Segments:
    - Domestic Sales: Selling minerals to Brazilian industries (e.g., steel mills, cement factories, fertilizer producers, construction companies).
    - Export Sales: Selling minerals to international customers, with China being a major destination for many Brazilian minerals, particularly iron ore.
    - Trading and Brokerage: Activities by specialized companies that facilitate the buying and selling of minerals on the global market.
    - Sales to Specific Industries: Tailoring sales and product specifications to the needs of specific industrial sectors (e.g., different grades of iron ore for various steelmaking processes).
    - Marketing and Sales: Developing marketing strategies, managing customer relationships, and negotiating contracts.
  - Description of main activities of each segment:
    - Domestic Sales: Identifying potential customers, negotiating prices and contracts, and managing domestic logistics.
    - Export Sales: Identifying international buyers, complying with international trade regulations, managing export logistics and shipping, and hedging against currency and price risks.
    - Trading and Brokerage: Facilitating transactions between buyers and sellers, providing market intelligence, and managing logistics and financing for trades.
    - Sales to Specific Industries: Understanding the technical requirements of different industries and providing suitable mineral products and technical support.
    - Marketing and Sales: Market research, product positioning, branding, sales negotiations, and contract management.
  - List of types of players in each segment:
    - Mining companies with direct sales teams.
    - International mineral trading houses.
    - Brokers and agents.
    - Industrial consumers (steel companies, chemical companies, manufacturers).
    - Industry associations (e.g., IBRAM) providing market data and promotion.
  - List examples of key players with detailed profiles. (Detailed profiles are provided in the "Examples of Main Players" section).
    - Vale S.A.
    - Anglo American
    - CSN Mineração
    - Other mining companies selling their production.
    - Major international trading companies (e.g., Glencore, Trafigura - though specific examples of their role in Brazilian mineral trading are less detailed in provided sources).
Descomissionamento e Fechamento de Mina: This final, but crucial, stage involves the closure of mining operations in an environmentally and socially responsible manner after the exhaustion of reserves or cessation of activities.
- Identification and description of segments for each step of the value chain.
  - Segments:
    - Environmental Remediation and Rehabilitation: Restoring the mined area to a safe and stable condition, minimizing environmental impacts, and promoting ecological recovery.
    - Infrastructure Decommissioning: Safely dismantling or repurposing mining infrastructure, including processing plants, buildings, and waste facilities.
    - Tailings and Waste Management: Ensuring the long-term stability and safety of tailings dams and waste rock piles, including monitoring and potential reprocessing or utilization of waste materials.
    - Social and Economic Transition: Implementing programs to support local communities affected by mine closure, addressing social impacts, and promoting alternative economic activities.
    - Monitoring and Long-Term Stewardship: Ongoing monitoring of environmental conditions, structural integrity of facilities, and implementation of necessary corrective actions.
  - Description of main activities of each segment:
    - Environmental Remediation and Rehabilitation: Landform reshaping, soil stabilization, revegetation with native species, and managing water quality.
    - Infrastructure Decommissioning: Demolition, waste disposal or recycling, and site remediation.
    - Tailings and Waste Management: Stabilizing slopes, covering tailings with soil and vegetation, managing drainage, and ongoing monitoring of water quality.
    - Social and Economic Transition: Community engagement, job training programs, investment in local businesses, and development of alternative livelihoods.
    - Monitoring and Long-Term Stewardship: Regular inspections, environmental monitoring (water, air, soil), and maintaining access controls.
  - List of types of players in each segment:
    - Mining companies (legally responsible for closure).
    - Environmental consulting and engineering firms specializing in mine closure and rehabilitation.
    - Construction and earthmoving companies.
    - Waste management companies.
    - Government regulatory agencies (ANM, environmental agencies) for approval and oversight of closure plans.
    - Local communities and their representatives.
  - List examples of key players with detailed profiles. (Detailed profiles are provided in the "Examples of Main Players" section).
    - Mining companies with closed or closing operations (e.g., historical mining sites).
    - Specialized environmental engineering and consulting firms.

Show estimates of volumes and sizes of each step in the value chain.¶

Precise volume and size data for every individual step across the entire value chain is not readily available in the provided sources. However, the overall scale and economic impact of the Brazilian mining industry, encompassing all these stages, is substantial:

Overall Economic Contribution: The sector's value of production was R$ 270.8 billion in 2024 and R$ 73.8 billion in Q1 2025. Its contribution to Brazil's GDP is around 4-5%, and it was responsible for 47% of the country's trade balance surplus in 2024.
Investments: Projected investments for 2025-2029 are US$ 68.4 billion, indicating significant planned activity across exploration, mine development, processing, and infrastructure.
Employment: The sector directly employed 223,000 people in Q1 2025, demonstrating the labor intensity across the value chain activities.
Production Volumes of Key Minerals: While specific volumes for each stage are not detailed, overall production volumes for major minerals are indicative of the scale of extraction and processing. For instance, Anglo American's Minas-Rio project alone produced 25 million tons of iron ore in 2024. Brazil's total iron ore production is significant on a global scale.
Logistics Volumes: The 400 million tons of mineral exports in 2024 highlight the massive scale of transportation and port operations required.

Specific volumes for activities like cubic meters of earth moved during overburden removal, tons processed through concentration plants, or volume transported by each mode are not consistently provided in a consolidated manner for 2024-2025 in the available sources.

Value Chain Summary Table¶

Value Chain Step	Key Segments	Types of Players	Main Activities (Examples)
Prospecção e Pesquisa Mineral	Geological Exploration, Geophysical/Geochemical Surveys, Drilling, Resource Estimation, Feasibility Studies	Mining Co. (in-house/junior), Consultants, Service Providers, Labs, Gov. Agencies, Investors	Mapping, Sampling, Analysis, Modeling, Economic/Technical Evaluation.
Lavra (Extraction)	Open Pit, Underground, Alluvial (Garimpo), Quarrying, Solution Mining	Large/Medium/Small Mining Co., Garimpeiros, Equipment Suppliers, Mining Services	Overburden removal, Drilling, Blasting, Loading, Hauling, Dewatering, Mine planning.
Beneficiamento e Transformação	Crushing/Grinding, Concentration, Dewatering, Metallurgy/Refining, Agglomeration, Cutting/Polishing	Mining Co., Processing Plants, Tech/Equipment Suppliers, EPC Firms, Chemical Suppliers, Automation Co.	Size reduction, Separation of valuable minerals, Water removal, Metal extraction, Pelletizing, Stone cutting/finishing.
Logística e Transporte	Mine-to-Plant, Plant-to-Port/Customer, Rail, Road, Pipeline, Port Operations, Shipping, Cabotage	Mining Co., Railway Co., Port Operators, Trucking Co., Pipeline Operators, Shipping Co., Logistics Co.	Moving ore/minerals via trucks, conveyors, trains, pipelines, ships; Port handling and loading.
Comercialização e Distribuição	Domestic Sales, Export Sales, Trading, Sales to Specific Industries, Marketing	Mining Co., Trading Houses, Brokers, Industrial Consumers	Selling to Brazilian industries, Exporting globally, Facilitating trades, Tailoring sales to sector needs, Contract negotiation.
Descomissionamento e Fechamento	Environmental Remediation, Infrastructure Decommissioning, Waste Management, Social/Economic Transition, Monitoring	Mining Co., Environmental/Engineering Firms, Construction Co., Waste Management Co., Gov. Agencies	Site cleanup, Infrastructure removal/repurposing, Tailings/waste stabilization, Community support, Long-term monitoring.

Examples of Main Players¶

Profiles of some of the most relevant players in the Brazilian mining value chain, based on the provided information:

Vale S.A.: A global diversified mining company and the largest in Brazil, with a significant presence across the entire value chain, from exploration to logistics and sales. Vale is a major producer of iron ore and nickel, operating key assets like the S11D mine, Vargem Grande, and Capanema. The company is heavily investing in expanding production and decarbonization technologies like the green briquette. Vale also possesses extensive and integrated logistics infrastructure, including railways and ports essential for transporting its large volumes of production. The Salobo project is a significant copper operation.
Anglo American: A leading global mining group with substantial iron ore and nickel operations in Brazil. Their Minas-Rio System is a major producer and exporter of premium iron ore, achieving record production in 2024. Anglo American also operates nickel mines in Goiás. The company is recognized for its focus on sustainable mining practices and investments in environmental improvements, such as the Minas-Rio filtering plant. They also have dedicated logistics infrastructure, including the Minas-Rio pipeline and port facilities at Açu Port.
CSN Mineração: A significant Brazilian iron ore producer and a key player in the national market. The company operates multiple units and is a major contributor to Brazil's iron ore production and exports. CSN Mineração is part of the larger CSN group, which includes steelmaking operations, demonstrating a degree of vertical integration in the iron and steel value chain.
CBMM (Companhia Brasileira de Metalurgia e Mineração): A world leader in the production and commercialization of nióbio. CBMM is primarily focused on the extraction and processing of pyrochlore to produce ferroalloys, oxides, and other nióbio products. The company's main operations are in Araxá, Minas Gerais, and it plays a dominant role in the global nióbio market.
Mineração Paragominas S.A.: A major producer of bauxite, the primary ore for aluminum production, with operations in Paragominas, Pará. The company is a key supplier to the aluminum value chain in Brazil.
INB (Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil): A state-owned company responsible for the entire nuclear fuel cycle in Brazil, including the exploration and production of uranium. INB holds a monopoly over uranium mining in the country.

Beyond these large players, the Brazilian mining sector includes numerous medium and small-sized companies extracting a wide variety of minerals, as well as companies providing essential services and equipment across the value chain. The ornamental stone sector, for example, comprises thousands of companies involved in quarrying and processing activities.

Volumes and Sizes¶

The sheer scale of the Brazilian mining industry is reflected in its production volumes, economic contribution, and investment levels:

Economic Output: The sector's gross revenue reached R$ 270.8 billion in 2024, highlighting the significant economic activity generated across all stages of the value chain. The R$ 73.8 billion faturamento in the first quarter of 2025 indicates continued strong performance.
National Economic Importance: The mining industry's contribution of around 4-5% to Brazil's GDP underscores its foundational role in the national economy. Its impact on the trade balance, accounting for 47% of the surplus in 2024, demonstrates its importance for Brazil's international trade position.
Investment Pipeline: The projected US$ 68.4 billion in investments for 2025-2029 signifies significant planned expansion and modernization across mining operations, logistics, and processing facilities. This investment is crucial for increasing production capacity, improving efficiency, and adopting new technologies.
Employment Generation: The direct employment of over 223,000 people in Q1 2025 reflects the labor requirements of exploration, mining, processing, and support activities. The large number of indirect jobs further emphasizes the sector's broader economic impact.
Operational Footprint: The presence of over 3,000 mines and more than 8,000 mining companies illustrates the widespread nature of mining activities across the Brazilian territory. While large companies dominate in terms of production volume, smaller operations are numerous and contribute to the diversity of minerals extracted.
Major Commodity Volumes: The substantial volume of mineral exports (400 million tons in 2024) highlights the massive scale of extraction, processing, and transportation. The dominance of iron ore in both revenue and export volume emphasizes its central role in the Brazilian mining landscape. The significant production volumes of other minerals like copper, nickel, gold, bauxite, and nióbio further contribute to the overall size and value of the industry.

Detailed volume breakdowns for each specific step within the value chain (e.g., the exact volume of earth moved in pre-stripping or the tons of material processed through flotation circuits nationwide) are not available in the provided sources. However, the aggregate figures for production value, exports, and the scale of operations managed by major players provide a strong indication of the immense volumes handled throughout the chain.

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Publications: https://publications.iadb.org/publications/portuguese/document/Inovacao-e-competitividade-nas-cadeias-de-valor-da-mineracao-o-caso-do-Brasil.pdf
Level Group: https://levelgroup.com.br/cadeia-de-valor-o-que-e/
. : https://exame.com/bussola/a-importancia-da-mineracao-para-a-economia-do-brasil/
IBRAM: https://ibram.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/industria-da-mineracao-cartilha-ibram.pdf
Brasil Escola - UOL: https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/brasil/principais-areas-produtoras-minerios-brasil.htm
Blog - Opções PRO: https://opcoespro.com.br/blog/mineracao-x-siderurgia/
Lingopass: https://lingopass.com/pt/blog/maiores-empresas-de-mineracao-do-mundo/